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美伊外交缓和之际，伊朗称霍尔木兹临时航线谅解达成,界面新闻,美伊外交缓和之际，伊朗称霍尔木兹临时航线谅解达成_我的网站

A |     ISLAMABAD -- More than 90% of the people killed by a 6.3-magnitude earthquake in western Afghanistan last weekend were women and children, U.N. officials reported Thursday.Taliban officials said Saturday's earthquake killed more than 2,000 people of all ages and genders across Herat province. The epicenter was in Zenda Jan district, where 1,294 people died, 1,688 were injured and every home was destroyed, according to U.N. figures. Women and children were more likely to have been at home when the quake struck in the morning, said Siddig Ibrahim, the chief of the UNICEF field office in Herat, said. “When the first earthquake hit, people thought it was an explosion, and they ran into their homes,” he said.Hundreds of people, mostly women, remain missing in Zenda Jan.The Afghanistan representative for the United Nations Population Fund, Jaime Nadal, said there would have been no “gender dimension” to the death toll if the quake had happened at night.“At that time of the day, men were out in the field,” Nadal told The Associated Press. “Many men migrate to Iran for work. The women were at home doing the chores and looking after the children. They found themselves trapped under the rubble. There was clearly a gender dimension.”The initial quake, numerous aftershocks and a second 6.3-magnitude quake on Wednesday flattened entire villages, destroying hundreds of mud-brick homes that could not withstand such force. Schools, health clinics and other village facilities also collapsed.The Norwegian Refugee Council described the devastation as enormous. “Early reports from our teams are that many of those who lost their lives were small children who were crushed or suffocated after buildings collapsed on them,” the council said. The maternity hospital in Herat province has cracks that make the structure unsafe. The U.N. Population Fund has provided tents so pregnant women have somewhere to stay and receive care, Nadal said. Many people inside and outside the provincial capital are still sleeping outside, even as temperatures drop.The disproportionate impact of the quake on women has left children without mothers, their primary caregivers, raising questions about who will raise them or how to reunite them with fathers who might be out of the province or Afghanistan.Aid officials say orphanages are non-existent or rare, meaning children who have lost one or both parents were likely to be taken in by surviving relatives or community members.Earthquakes are common in Afghanistan, where there are a number of fault lines and frequent movement among three nearby tectonic plates.Women may be at risk of not getting information on earthquake preparedness because of Taliban edicts curtailing their mobility and rights, and restrictions imposed on female humanitarian workers, a U.N. report has warned.Authorities have barred girls from school beyond sixth grade and stopped women from working at nongovernmental groups, although there are exceptions for some sectors like health care. The Taliban also say that women cannot travel long distances without male chaperones.Aid agencies say their female Afghan staff members are “for now” working freely in Herat and reaching women and girls affected by the earthquake.UNICEF has launched a $20 million appeal to help the estimate 13,000 children and families devastated by the earthquake.。    全球关键“油阀”的形势传来新进展。    据伊朗伊斯兰共和国广播电视台8月25日晚报道，伊朗外交部副部长加里巴巴迪表示，根据伊朗与阿曼就霍尔木兹海峡航线新达成的谅解，进入波斯湾的航线将途经伊朗水域，离开波斯湾的航线将途经阿曼和伊朗水域，任何军舰不得通过该海峡，只允许商船通行。    联合声明说，两国已就恢复霍尔木兹海峡安全通航达成框架方案，内容包括设立一条临时联合航运通道，以及开展航道排雷作业项目。美国总统特朗普近日确认，霍尔木兹海峡国际水域内的所有水雷都已被清除或引爆。    巴基斯坦军方和伊朗安全部门消息人士则透露，美国与伊朗已就停火协议条款达成共识，其中包括霍尔木兹海峡自由通航。    尽管霍尔木兹海峡主要深水通航区几乎全部位于阿曼领海范围内，但伊朗拥有完全的控制权。    此前霍尔木兹海峡一度出现三条不同航线。第一条航线位于霍尔木兹海峡北部，由伊朗控制。

B | 第二条航线穿过海峡中部，是霍尔木兹海峡受阻前的常规国际航道；第三条航线则位于海峡南部，途经阿曼附近海域，该航线由阿曼、美国和国际海事组织协调运行。        本月早些时候，伊朗与阿曼已就霍尔木兹海峡拟定航道的地理坐标达成一致。

C |     此前阿曼曾提出对等份额的联合管理机制，伊朗则坚持入港航线须完全经过伊朗水域，最终双方以伊方诉求为核心达成了坐标共识，同时明确拒绝第三方介入海峡管理事务。    伊朗波斯湾海峡管理局（PGSA）于8月23日发表声明说，违反伊朗关于霍尔木兹海峡航行规定的船只将面临罚款、扣押或没收等限制措施。    PGSA是伊朗在今年5月专门设立的霍尔木兹海峡官方管理机构，运营主体为“伊朗最高国家安全委员会”和“伊斯兰革命卫队海军”。其主权监管权还延伸至通过海峡的海底管道和数据电缆。美方已将该机构列入制裁名单，禁止全球企业与其开展美元结算交易。

D |     即日起，往返波斯湾的货主在租船前必须查阅PGSA发布的“违规船只”名单，以避免潜在问题。任何船只如与“违规船只”合作，也将被列入该名单。如需将船只从名单中移除，必须提交正式申请并说明理由。

E |     伊朗曾多次表示，计划对穿越海峡的船只收取“海上服务费”，而非通行费。但至少最近一个月，伊朗方面已不再强调收费问题。

F |     船舶追踪机构克普勒公司最新数据显示，8月24日通过霍尔木兹海峡的商船数量降至3个多月以来最低水平。    而多家国际航运机构证实霍尔木兹海峡目前仍未通航。

G | 中国两大国有航运企业自7月底以来已基本避开霍尔木兹海峡和曼德海峡，改在阿曼湾及富查伊拉附近通过船对船转运方式接收原油。

H |     中信建投则指出，伊朗拒绝开放霍尔木兹海峡叠加胡塞武装袭击货轮事件，导致亚洲买家转向阿曼湾采购原油，区域内超大型油船运力紧缺，日租金逼近50万美元，中型以上油船成为风险溢价集中载体。    在外交方面，美国国务卿鲁比奥近日向多个盟国外交官员表示，美国“目前”不会主动对伊朗发动新一轮军事打击，而是将重点转向其他施压手段。    特朗普政府当前对伊政策主要包括：暂时避免对伊朗采取新的军事行动；通过美国海上封锁和财政部新制裁加大伊朗经济压力；尽可能提高经霍尔木兹海峡进入全球市场的石油运输量等。    另据知情人士透露，美国正开始向部分此前因局势紧张而撤离，或缩减人员规模的中东外交机构派遣人员返岗。分析指出，此举表明，华盛顿方面认为近期伊朗相关冲突进一步升级的风险已经下降。    昨天，美国财政部宣布了旨在切断伊朗“所有经济命脉”的多项经济制裁措施，并扩大“二级制裁”，以迫使伊朗重返谈判桌。返回，查看更多。

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